{"ikmk_id":"3606","eLearning_completed":"0","primary_source_id":"0","title":"Galerius Maximianus","inventory_number":"roth12146","activated":"yes","item":{"ikmk_item_id":"1","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/sachbegriff\/1","item_de":"M\u00fcnze","item_en":"Coin","item_nomisma":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/coin"},"permalink":"https:\/\/muenzkatalog.hhu-hosting.de\/object?id=ID3606","permalink_source":null,"publisher":{"ikmk_publisher_id":42,"ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/42","publisher_name":"Digitales M\u00fcnzkabinett der Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf","publisher_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-2412","publisher_isil_short":"DE-2412","UID":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-2412\/ID3606","legalBodyWeblink":"http:\/\/www.geschichte.hhu.de\/"},"owner":{"ikmk_owner_id":"42","owner_name":"Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf (HHU)","owner_isil":"http:\/\/ld.zdb-services.de\/resource\/organisations\/DE-2412","owner_isil_short":"DE-2412","owner_www_address":"http:\/\/muenzkabinett.hhu.de","nomisma_address":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/hhu-dusseldorf","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/besitzer\/42","owner_type":{"de":"Eigentum","en":"Property","ikmk_type_id":"2","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/possession_kind\/2"}},"ikmk_status_id":"7","status":{"de":"vorhanden","en":"present","ikmk_status_id":"7","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/object_status\/7"},"nominal":{"ikmk_nominal_id":"774","nominal_de":"Doppeldenar (ANT)","nominal_en":"Double Denarius","nominal_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/antoninianus","nominal_gnd_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4417146-8","info_de":"Das von Kaiser Caracalla (Alleinherrschaft 211\u2013217 n. Chr.) im Jahre 215 eingef\u00fchrte neue Silbernominal im Wert von zwei Denaren. Entspricht im Gewicht zu Anfang anderthalb alten Denaren (ungef\u00e4hr 5 g), unterliegt aber im Verlauf des 3. Jhs. n. Chr. einem zunehmenden Verlust an Gewicht und Feinheit. \u00c4u\u00dferes Kennzeichen sind der Kaiserkopf mit der Strahlenkrone bzw. die Kaiserinnenb\u00fcste auf der Mondsichel auf der Vorderseite. Kaiser Aurelianus versucht 274 n. Chr. eine Reform des zwischenzeitlich zur Kupferm\u00fcnze abgesunkenen Doppeldenares (auch Aurelianus genannt). Die dort in Erscheinung tretenden Wertkennzeichen XX I bzw. K A (20 zu 1) sind in ihrer Bedeutung noch umstritten (gleich 20 Sesterzen bzw. 5 Denare oder doch eher Hinweis auf Feingehalt (20 unedle Teile auf eines aus Silber)). Mit der M\u00fcnzreform des Diocletianus endete die Geschichte des Doppeldenares. Die Bezeichnung \u201eAntoninianus\u201c (abgeleitet vom offiziellen Namen des Caracalla) ist eine moderne Sch\u00f6pfung in Ermangelung einer \u00fcberlieferten antiken Bezeichnung.\r\n\r\nLit.: F. von Schr\u00f6tter, W\u00f6rterbuch der M\u00fcnzkunde (1930) 31. 36.","info_en":"","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/nominal\/774"},"date_last":"2022-12-11 17:52:15","coin_status":[{"ikmk_coin_status_id":"29","coin_status_name_de":"Antike Herrscherpr\u00e4gung","coin_status_name_en":"Ancient Ruler's issue","coin_status_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ruler","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/muenzstand\/29"}],"mint":[{"ikmk_country_id":"11","country_ndp_url":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/land\/11","country_name_de":"Frankreich","country_name_en":"France","country_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/french_republic","country_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/3017382","ikmk_region_id":"139","region_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/region\/139","region_name":"Gallia","region_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/gallia","region_geoname_id":"","ikmk_mint_id":"355","mint_ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/ort\/355","mint_name":"Lyon","mint_name_de":"Lyon","mint_name_en":null,"mint_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/lugdunum","mint_geoname_id":"http:\/\/www.geonames.org\/2996944"}],"material":{"ikmk_material_id":"1","material_name_de":"Silber","material_name_en":"Silver","material_nomisma_id":"http:\/\/nomisma.org\/id\/ar","ndp_uri":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/material\/1"},"diameter":"23 mm","die_axis":"12 h","weight":"3.98 g","accession":"","access_year":"1987","access_type":{"ikmk_access_type_id":"3","access_type_name":"Schenkung","access_type_nomisma_id":"","access_type_concept_id":"http:\/\/d-nb.info\/gnd\/4052258-1","ndp_uir":"https:\/\/ikmk.smb.museum\/ndp\/zugangsart\/3"},"provenienz_extern":"","acquisition_date":null,"avers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"GAL VAL MAXIMIANVS NOB C","image_description":"B\u00fcste des Galerius l., mit Strahlenkrone, in Konsulargewand, in der rechten Hand ein Adlerzepter.","foto_date":"2014-10-10","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"1","photographer_name":"Sebastian Lindermann","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/muenzkatalog.hhu-hosting.de\/image\/ID3606\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/muenzkatalog.hhu-hosting.de\/image\/ID3606\/vs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n3\/3606\/vs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/muenzkatalog.hhu-hosting.de\/image\/ID3606\/vs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/muenzkatalog.hhu-hosting.de\/image\/ID3606\/vs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1469011685,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf (HHU), ID3606. Aufnahme durch Sebastian Lindermann.","en":"Image files are licensed&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf (HHU), ID3606. Photographs by Sebastian Lindermann."}},"revers":{"leg_trans":"","leg_text":"ORIENS AVGG","image_description":"Sol l. zwischen zwei Gefangenen schreitend, mit Strahlenkrone, Chlamys \u00fcber der linken Schulter, die rechte Hand zum Gestus erhoben, einen Globus in der linken. Beizeichen - \/ - \/\/ B.","foto_date":"2014-10-10","photographer":{"ikmk_photographer_id":"1","photographer_name":"Sebastian Lindermann","photographer_gnd":"","photographer_viaf":""},"path_thumbnail":"https:\/\/muenzkatalog.hhu-hosting.de\/image\/ID3606\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt":"https:\/\/muenzkatalog.hhu-hosting.de\/image\/ID3606\/rs_opt.jpg","path_opt_rel":"images\/n3\/3606\/rs_opt.jpg","path":"https:\/\/muenzkatalog.hhu-hosting.de\/image\/ID3606\/rs_org.jpg","path_org":"https:\/\/muenzkatalog.hhu-hosting.de\/image\/ID3606\/rs_org.jpg","image_timestamp":1469011687,"copyright":{"short":"PDM 1.0","url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/","de":"Bilddateien sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>. Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf (HHU), ID3606. 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(306-337) f\u00fchrt mit dem Solidus eine neue Gold- sowie mit Siliqua und Miliarense neue Silberm\u00fcnzen ein; die Bronzenominale unterliegen ebenfalls bereits einer Abwertung. Insgesamt wird aber zur Mitte des 4. Jhs. eine Tendenz zur Goldw\u00e4hrung deutlich. Neue Goldminen werden erschlossen und h\u00f6here St\u00fcckzahlen gepr\u00e4gt. Vom Bronzegeld werden bald in schneller Folge verschiedene Sorten ausgegeben, denen es aber durchweg an dauerhaftem Geldwert mangelt. So wird das Bronzegeld abermals um 348 reformiert, auch Iulianus (genannt Apostata, reg. 361-363) versucht sich in der Einf\u00fchrung eines neuen, gro\u00dfen Bronzenominales. Zum Ende der 360er Jahre wird die regelhafte Kennzeichnung der Solidi als Feingold (OB = Obryzum) verpflichend. Ihre Entsprechung beim Silbergeld ist das K\u00fcrzel PS = pusulatum. Auch nimmt die Bedeutung der silbernen Siliquen immer mehr ab.  F\u00fcr die Bildsprache der M\u00fcnzen seit der Tetrarchie ist die Betonung der absoluten Stellung des Kaisers als Dominus (\u201eHerr\u201c) charakteristisch.","year_from":"293","year_until":"400","autor":"Dahmen, Karsten"}],"text_right":{"short":"CC BY-SA 4.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/l\/by-sa\/4.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International","en":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International"},"string":{"de":"Texte und Beschreibungen in diesem Online-Katalog stehen unter einer <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a> Lizenz.","en":"Texts and descriptions of this catalogue are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>."}},"lod_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"},"string":{"de":"Verwendete LOD-Identifikatoren sind <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de\" target=\"_blank\">PDM 1.0<\/a>.","en":"LOD ids used are licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">Public Domain Mark 1.0<\/a>."}},"image_restriction_id":0,"image_restriction":"free","image_right":{"short":"PDM 1.0","icon":"https:\/\/licensebuttons.net\/p\/zero\/1.0\/80x15.png","url":{"de":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.de","en":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/mark\/1.0\/deed.en"},"label":{"de":"Public Domain Mark 1.0","en":"Public Domain Mark 1.0"}}}